The social demobilization of the urban margins: an analysis of the Chilean case
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Keywords:
América Latina
urban marginality
poverty
demobilization
Latin America
Main Article Content
Section: Lente de aproximación
Abstract
Studies explaining the demobilization of urban social movements as the result of neoliberal policies deliver a generalizing image of the issue. In other words, they do not adequately address how demobilization occurs in specific areas or groups. Also, they do not explain why some groups mobilize in spite of being exposed to the same policies. This article focuses on the politics of the Chilean urban poor to provide a different explanation of their demobilization. Based on fieldwork conducted in underprivileged neighborhoods of Santiago, Chile, as well as other empirical studies, the paper creates a novel analytical framework for the demobilization of communities in the urban margins. The framework includes three components: precluded political opportunities, spatial marginalization, and socializing governance. It also distinguishes necessary and sufficient factors, thus producing a theoretical model that admits exceptional cases that do not succumb to social demobilization.
Article Details
Escoffier, S. (2023). The social demobilization of the urban margins: an analysis of the Chilean case. Polis (Santiago), 22(66), 77-114. https://doi.org/10.32735/S0718-6568/2023-N66-3371
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References
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6 Dammert, L. (2004). ¿Ciudad sin Ciudadanos? Fragmentación, Segregación y Temor en Santiago. Eure, 30(91), 87-96. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612004009100006
7. Davenport, C. (2015). How Social Movements Die: Repression and Demobilization of the Republic of New Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.
8. Delamaza, G. (2015). Enhancing Democracy: Public Policies and Citizen Participation in Chile. Amsterdam: Berghahn Books.
9. Drogus, C. A., & Stewart-Gambino, H. (2005). Activist Faith: Grassroots Women in Democratic Brazil and Chile. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
10. Dubet, F., Tironi, E., Espinoza, V., & Valenzuela, E. (2016). Pobladores: Luchas Sociales y Democracia en Chile. Santiago de Chile: Ediciones Universidad Alberto Hurtado.
11. Escoffier, S. (2017a). Policy Metaphors and Deep Local Democracy: The Case of the Chilean Neighbourhood Recovery Programme. Revista Iberoamericana de Estudios Municipales, 8(15), 35-64. https://doi.org/10.32457/riem.vi15.340
12. Escoffier, S. (2017b). Politicization and Social Mobilization in Twenty-First Century Chile. En A. Farazmand (Ed.), Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance (pp. 1-6). New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_3330-1
13. Escoffier, S. (2018). Mobilisational Citizenship: Sustainable Collective Action in Underprivileged Urban Chile. Citizenship Studies, 22(7), 769-790. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1508412
14. Escoffier, S. (2023). Mobilizing at the Urban Margins: Citizenship and Patronage Politics in Post-Dictatorial Chile. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15. Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. London: Allen Lane.
16. Foweraker, J. (1995). Theorizing Social Movements. London: Pluto.
Gooptu, N. (2001). The Politics of the Urban Poor in Early Twentieth-Century India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17. Greaves, E. (2002). Reorganizing Civil Society: Popular Movements, the State, and Municipalities in Post-authoritarian Chile (PhD). University of Florida.
18. Greaves, E. (2005). Panoptic Municipalities, the Spatial Dimensions of the Political, and Passive Revolution in Post-Dictatorship Chile. City and Community, 4(2), 189-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2005.00111.x
19. Harris, R. L., & Nef, J. (2008). Capital, Power, and Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean. En R. L. Harris & J. Nef (Eds.), Capital, Power, and Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean (pp. 1-23). Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield.
20. Hipsher, P. (1996). Democratization and the Decline of Urban Social Movements in Chile and Spain. Comparative Politics, 28(3), 273-297. https://doi.org/10.1177/S0038038599000218
21. Hipsher, P. (1998). Democratic Transitions as Protest Cycles: Social Movement Dynamics in Democratizing Latin America. En D. S. Meyer & S. Tarrow (Eds.), The Social Movement Society (pp. 153-172). Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
22. Holston, J. (2008). Insurgent Citizenship: Disjunctions of Democracy and Modernity in Brazil. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
23. Holzner, C. A. (2007). The Poverty of Democracy: Neoliberal Reforms and Political Participation of the Poor in Mexico. Latin American Politics and Society, 49(2), 87-122.
24. Jenkins, K. (2011). Depoliticisation and the Changing Trajectories of Grassroots Women’s Leadership in Peru: From Empowerment to Service Delivery? Journal of Latin American Studies, 43(2), 299-326. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X11000046
25. King, G., Keohane, R., & Verba, D. (1994). Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Recuperado de http://books.google.com/books?id=c3LWAAAACAAJ
26. Koppelman, C. (2016). Deepening Demobilization: The State’s Transformation of Civil Society in the Poblaciones of Santiago, Chile. Latin American Perspectives, 44(3), 46-63. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X16668316
27. Kurtz, M. J. (2004). The Dilemmas of Democracy in the Open Economy: Lessons from Latin America. World Politics, 56(2), 262-302. https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2004.0013
28. Lang, A. (2007). But is it for Real? The British Columbia Citizens’ Assembly as a Model of State-Sponsored Citizen Empowerment. Politics and Society, 35(1), 35-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329206297147
29. Langton, K. (1969). Political Socialization. London: Oxford University Press.
30. Lazar, S. (2008). El Alto, Rebel City: Self and Citizenship in Andean Bolivia. London: Duke University Press.
Lieberson, S. (1991). Small N’s and Big Conclusions: An Examination of the Reasoning in Comparative Studies based on a Small Number of Cases. Social Forces, 70(2), 307-320.
31. Luna, J. P. (2016). Delegative Democracy Revisited. Chile’s Crisis of Representation. Journal of Democracy, 27(3), 129-138.
32. Marcus, G. E. (2001). Etnografía del Sistema Mundo: El Surgimiento de la Etnografía Multilocal. Alteridades, 11(22), 111-127. Recuperado de http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=74702209
33. Marcuse, P. (1997). The Enclave, the Citadel, and the Ghetto: What Has Changed in the Post-Fordist U.S. City. Urban Affairs Review, 33(2), 228-264. https://doi.org/10.1177/107808749703300206
34. Márquez, F. B. (2005). Políticas de Vivienda y Ruptura Comunitaria: La Historia de Bernarda, de Río Rauco. En A. Sugranyes & A. Rodríguez (Eds.), Los Con Techo: Un Desafío para la Política de Vivienda Social (pp. 179-190). Santiago de Chile: SUR.
35. Morales, E., Levy, S., Aldunate, A., & Rojas, S. (1990). Erradicados en el Régimen Militar. Una Evaluación de los Beneficiarios (N.o 448). Santiago: FLACSO.
36. Moya, L., Videla, C., & Balladores, R. (2005). Tortura en Poblaciones del Gran Santiago (1973-1990) (Colectivo; L. Moya, C. Videla, & R. Balladares, Eds.). Santiago: Corporación José Domingo Cañas.
37. Murphy, E. (2015). For a Proper Home: Housing Rights in the Margins of Urban Chile, 1960-2010. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
38. Novoa, M. (2022). Insurgent Heritage: Mobilizing Memory, Place-based Care and Cultural Citizenships. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 46(6), 1016-1034. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.13143
39. Nuissl, H., Höhnke, C., Lukas, M., Durán, G., & Seeger, C. R. (2012). Megacity Governance: Concepts and Challenges. En Risk Habitat Megacity (pp. 87-108). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11544-8_5
40. Oviedo, E., Rodríguez, A., & Rodríguez, P. (2008). Cohesión Social: Miedos y Políticas de Ciudad. Proposiciones, 63, 1-7.
41. Oxhorn, P. (1994). Where Did All the Protesters Go?: Popular Mobilization and the Transition to Democracy in Chile. Latin American Perspectives, 21(3), 49-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X9402100304
42. Oxhorn, P. (2009). Beyond Neoliberalism? Latin America’s New Crossroads. En J. Burdick, P. Oxhorn, & K. M. Roberts (Eds.), Beyond Neoliberalism in Latin America? Societies and Politics at the Crossroads (pp. 217-236). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
43. Paley, J. (2001). Marketing Democracy: Power and Social Movements in Post-dictatorship Chile. London: University of California Press.
44. Paley, J. (2004). Accountable Democracy: Citizens’ Impact on Public Decision Making in Post-dictatorship Chile. American Ethnologist, 31(4), 497-513.
45. Payne, L. A., Zulver, J., & Escoffier, S. (2023). The Right against Rights in Latin America (L. A. Payne, J. Zulver, & S. Escoffier, Eds.). London: Oxford University Press.
46. Pineo, R. (2014). The Free Market Experiment in Latin America: Moving Beyond Past Policies to Search for a Pathway Forward. Journal of Developing Societies, 30(2), 169-194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X14525534
47. Piven, F. F., & Cloward, R. A. (1977). Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How they Fail. New York: Vintage Books.
48. Poole, D., & Rénique, G. (1992). Peru: Time of Fear. London: Latin America Bureau.
49. Posner, P. W. (2004). Local Democracy and the Transformation of Popular Participation in Chile. Latin American Politics and Society, 46(3), 55-81.
50. Posner, P. W. (2008). State, Market, and Democracy in Chile: The Constraint to Popular Participation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
51. Pulgar, C., & Mathivet, C. (2010). El Movimiento de Pobladores en Lucha, Santiago, Chile. En A. Sugranyes & C. Mathivet (Eds.), Cities for All Proposals and Experiences towards the Right to the City (pp. 201-212). Santiago de Chile: Habitat International Coalition (HIC).
52. Quirós, J. (2011). El Porqué de los que Van. Peronistas y Piqueteros en el Gran Buenos Aires (una Antropología de la Política Vivida). Buenos Aires: Antropofagia.
53. Renna, H. (2011). Siete y Cuatro. El Retorno de los Pobladores: Lucha por la Vivienda, Autogestión Habitacional y Poder Popular en Santiago de Chile. Santiago de Chile: Quimantú.
54. Roberts, K. M. (2016). (Re)Politicizing Inequalities: Movements, Parties, and Social Citizenship in Chile. Journal of Politics in Latin America, 8(3), 125-154.
55. Rodríguez, A., & Rodríguez, P. (2009). Santiago, una Ciudad Neoliberal. En Victoria. Quito: OLACCHI.
56. Rodríguez, A., Saborido, M., & Segovia, O. (2012). Understanding the Tipping Point of Urban Conflict: The Case of Santiago, Chile. En Understanding the Tipping Point of Urban Conflict: Violence, Cities and Poverty Reduction in the Developing World (N.o 3). Manchester. Recuperado de https://www.gov.uk/dfid-research-outputs/understanding-the-tipping-point-of-urban-conflict-the-case-of-santiago-chile
57. Rodríguez, J. P. (2020). Resisting Neoliberal Capitalism in Chile: The Possibility of Social Critique. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32108-6
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